The efficiency of the functional appliances on craniofacial growth modification is still under controversy. Some reports suggest that functional appliances can stimulate mandibular growth, while others dent such effect.

The aim of this follow-up study was to evaluate the effects of the Pre-Orthodontic Trainer (POT) appliance on oral muscles through electromyography (EMG) evaluations in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion and incompetent lips.

There have recently been an increasing number of parents complaining of their children’s health-related problems other than caries, such as decline in exercise ability, open-mouth posture, slow eating, allergy and misaligned teeth.

The aim of this study was to clarify the dentoskeletal treatment effects induced by a pre-orthodontic trainer appliance treatment on Class II Division 1 cases.

This paper reports a Class II Division 2 malocclusion case successfully treated at an early age and in a relatively short period of time using the Trainer for Kids (T4K™).

Therapy aimed at skeletal Class II subjects is carried out at the Odontology Clinic of Milan University.

When Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer. Applying 'the Pinocchio factor' to orthodontics, how long would its nose be today?

A prospective, controlled cohort study was started in 1998 to investigate the effects of orthodontic treatment in the early mixed dentition with the eruption guidance appliance.

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion in a population of Bogotanian children and adolescents in terms of different degrees of severity in relation to sex and specific stages of dental development.